In Mahabharata, Karna was abandoned at birth by Kunti. But later he was adopted by Radha and Adhiratha. They loved him unconditionally. This gave his life a new direction unlike what it would have been with Kunti.  

Despite being a heroic figure in the battle, he still had to deal with hardships that came with his identity, as he was the son of a charioteer.  

Though the times have changed, with it society has also changed. Adoption is no longer a taboo, but it is considered as one of the noble acts. Many government agencies and legal authorities have come into existence to streamline the process of adoption and ensure the well-being of the children and the families. 

Although more people are considering adoption, they are not very familiar with the legal jargon. This blog is the complete guide you need to understand the legal process of how to adopt a child in India. 

Let’s deep dive straight into it! 

What is Child Adoption? 

Child Adoption is the process of embracing a child who is not biologically related to the adoptive parents. It is not just a legal process rather an emotional and psychological one too. Adopting a child requires emotional acceptance and commitment to care by the adoptive parents.  

Types of Adoption 

There are 2 types of adoption processes.  

1. Domestic Adoption: Domestic Adoption is the adoption of an Indian child by Indian parents. 
2. Inter-Country Adoption: When an Indian Child is adopted by the foreign parents. Inter-country adoption is controlled by Juvenile Justice Act.  
3. Relative Adoption: When an Indian Child is adopted by the member of the family.  

Eligibility to Adopt a Child 

1. The prospective adoptive parent (PAP) should be physically, mentally, emotionally and financially capable of taking care of the child. 
2. The PAPs should not have any life-threatening disease. 
3. PAPs should never have been convicted for any criminal offence or be involved in any crime that violated child rights. 
4. In case the PAPs are married then the consent of their respective spouses is required during adoption adopting a child. 
5. In case the PAP is a female, she can adopt a child of any gender. 
6. In case of male PAP, they cannot adopt girl child. 
7. To be considered as a prospective parent, a couple should have at least 2 years of stable marital relationship. 
8. The minimum age difference between a child and either of the prospective adoptive parents should be under 25 years. The maximum age chart is given below: 

Laws Related to Child Adoption 

Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act, 1956

Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act, 1956 governs the adoption and maintenance rights of Hindus in India. This act only applies to those who are Hindu, converted to Hinduism or those who are Jain, Sikh or Buddhists.  

• A male Hindu of sound mind and not a minor can adopt a child who is only male. 
• A female Hindu can adopt if she is unmarried, divorced or widowed. 
• A child who is a minor, not married and a Hindu can be adopted. 

Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Child) Act, 2015

Juvenile Justice Act ensures that children in need of care or those who are in conflict with the law get proper care, protection and support.  

This act provides a legal framework for the adoption process. It ensures the child’s wellbeing is prioritized. It is a secular law for adoption. A person of any religion can adopt a child through this act. It’s provision primarily focuses on orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children.  

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CARA 

CARA is a statutory body of Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. It regulates in-country and inter-country adoptions. CARA deals with abandoned, orphaned and surrendered children with the help of its associated agency. 

Documents Required for Child Adoption

In Case of Domestic Adoption 

1. Identity Proof 
2. Marriage Certificate 
3. Proof of Residence 
4. Income Proof of last year 
5. Medical Reports 
6. Undertaking from a relative (In case of Single Parent) 
7. Consent of older child or children in the adoptive family 
8. Current family photograph or photo of the person adopting a child 

In Case of International Adoption 

1. Current family photograph 
2. Passports of prospective adoptive parents 
3. Home study report 
4. Overseas Citizen of India card of PAPs (if applicable) 
5. Birth certificate of PAPs 
6. Proof of Residence  
7. Income Proof of last year 
8. Medical Reports 
9. Police Clearance certifying the antecedents of PAPs 
10. Marriage Certificates 
11. Copy of Divorce or Death Certificate of spouse 
12. Relative’s undertaking (In case of Single Parent) 
13. 2 reference letters from the respected members of the society known to the PAPs 
14. Consent of older child/children in the adoptive family 

Legal Procedure of How to Adopt a Child in India 

1. Registration 

Prospective Adopting Parents should first register on any government-recognized adoption agency. On CARA, PAPs can register under (Child Adoption Resource Information Guidance System) CARING and upload documents within 30 days. 

2. Home Study Report 

Once the PAPs are registered, the agency conducts a home study which assesses the family's stability. The report contains information about the emotional, financial and physical stability of the adoptive family.  

3. Counseling 

Before moving forward with the adoption, the prospective parents are supposed to go through counseling. This will help them understand the complexity of the process. They will also realize how emotionally and physically demanding this role will be. 

4. Referral 

Once the PAPs are approved for adoption, a legally free child will be referred to them. CARA will help them to get information about the child such as the child’s background or medical history. 

5. Acceptance Letter 

When the child and family are both satisfied and happy to be with each other, then the parents have to sign the acceptance letter.  

6. Adoption Petition 

A petition is presented in the court with all the necessary documents. Then the parents are supposed to sign it in court. 

7. Court Order 

After the court orders then only, the child could be put in pre-adoption foster care with the adoptive parents. 

8. Foster Care 

Before the adoption, the child is placed with parents for foster care. Then the agency will assess the child’s progress during this period. 

9. Finalization of Adoption 

When the foster care ends, the agency then submits the report to the court. The court will then decide whether to grant adoption or not.  

When the court grants the adoption, then the adoption agency will provide the new birth certificate to the adoption parents with their name on it.  

10. Post-Adoption Follow-up 

For the next 2 years after adoption, adoption agencies will keep taking follow-ups to ensure whether the child is adjusting well and provide the family with some support. 

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Stakeholders in Child Adoption Process 

Specialized Adoption Agency (SAA) 

Agency where the children are placed for adoption, recognized by the State Government. 

State Adoption Resource Agency (SARA) 

The purpose of SARA is to ensure that the children in need of a home can find loving and supportive families. They are responsible for coordinating between various stakeholders of the adoption process. The agency guides and supports families who are wishing and willing to adopt. 

District Child Protection Unit (DCPU) 

The primary function of DCPU is to protect children from abuse, neglect and exploitation. It helps adoption families and children by providing legal aid and counseling. The unit implements various child protection laws such as Juvenile Justice Act and POSCO Act. 

Authorized Foreign Adoption Agency (AFAA) 

The primary function of AFAA is to provide a loving family abroad to a child in need in India, adhering to the legal regulations of both India and International law. 

Challenges in Adoption Process 

Time Taking Legal Process 

Adoption process can be overwhelming for both the adoptive parent and the child. With dwindling emotions if they have to deal with these excruciating legal processes, it gets challenging for them. 

Managing Social Stigma 

There are a lot of social stigmas associated with adoption. Especially with single mothers and children, society tends to discriminate. 

Child’s Emotions and Adjustments 

During the adoption process a child faces a lot of changes. These changes bring out so many emotions in a child. Due to this emotional shift, a child could feel agitated. One of the main aims of any authority associated with a child should be to make him/her feel safe. 

Post Adoption Formalities 

1. The SAA or authorized adopting agency conduct frequent visits to the adopting family post placement of the child. This is done to assess the adjustment of the child in a new environment and the family's ability to provide care & support. 
2. It is the adoptive family's responsibility to take the child for medical check-ups regularly. 
3. The adoptive parents should provide reports to CARA on the progress and achievements of the Child. 
4. Adoptive parents should update the important documents to include the child in it.  
5. The SAA shall prepare the post-adoption report of the child on 6 months interval for 2 years from the date of pre-adoption foster placement with PAPs and upload these reports in CARING along with the photos of the child within ten days of conduction of these reports. 
6. In case the adoptive parents are relocating, they shall inform the agency which has done their home study and the DCPU of the district they relocate. 
7. The DCPU of the district of the current residence of the PAPs shall prepare a post-adoption follow-up report and upload the same in a designated portal. 
8. In case of non-adjustment between the adoptive family and the adoptee the SAA and DCPU shall arrange necessary counselling for both. 

Do’s and Don'ts of Adoption 

Do’s 

1. Do read and follow the CARA guidelines carefully 
2. Do follow the steps precisely for registration 
3. Do upload all the correct documents  
4. Only adopt from Specialized Adoption Agency that is recognized by the state government 
5. For any queries go to CARA’s helpdesk 

Don’ts 

1. Don’t approach any unauthorized institution or individual for adoption 
2. Don’t upload incorrect documents, it may lead to cancellation of registration 
3. Don’t indulge with any middlemen 
4. Don’t pay any additional charges other than what is prescribed in CARA 
5. Don’t indulge in any illegal adoption act, you may unintentionally become a part of child trafficking. 

Conclusion  

The beautiful journey of adoption creates families that are built on love and care. These relationships are beyond biological connections. From Karna’s story to modern day adoption story, adoption has always been epitome of unconditional love. 

Laws like Juvenile Justice Act and authoritative agency like CARA ensure that children and the adoption families are protected. They also ensure the transparency and smooth flow of the adoption process. Adoption is not just about giving a home to a child, but it is also about creating a bond that lasts forever. 

DigiLawyer is pre-equipped with the laws and guidelines of adoption process. It can help you by providing helpful insights to solve any query at any step of the adoption process.